A short history of famous Muslims scientists and their Contribution

 SOME FAMOUS MUSLIM SCIENTISTS

1. Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi
He was born (A.D. 780-847) in Khwarazm. He Was one of the greatest scientist of all times and Contributed richly in the field of Mathematics, Astronomy and Geography. He was considered as an Authority on mathematics. He composed the oldest Works on arithmetic’s, algebra and astronomical tables. He actually systematised the Greek and Hindi Mathematical knowledge. His celebrated work on algebra Entitled “Hisab al Jabr Wal Muqabala” translated in Latin, was used as the principal mathematical text-book Until the 16th century by European universities. He was an astronomer of outstanding ability. He was also a Geographer of repute and laid the foundation of Geographical science in Arabic. He has been called “the Principal figure in the early history of Arabic Mathematics’. He wrote a great treatise on Algebra Containing analytical solutions of quadratic equations. He authored the following important books.
1. Hisab Al Hindi
2. Al Jama-Wat Tafri
3. Kitab al Amal bil Asturlab
4. Kitab Ama of Asturlab
5. Kitab Surat al Ard

2. Jabir Ibn Hayyan

Jabir Ibn Hayyan (A.D. 721-815) known as Geber in the West, was a great practical chemist of his time. He prepared a large number of important chemicals like, Nitric Acid, Sulphuric Acid and Hydrochloric Acid. He is considered as god-father of modern chemistry. He became famous for his various chemical techniques and processes like, calcination, reduction, sublimation, distillation, melting and crystallization. Several of his chemical treatises were translated several European languages. He gave sound views on methods of chemical research, and a theory on the geological formation of metals. He prepared basic lead carbonate, arsenic and antimony from their sulphides; dealt with refinement of metals, preparation of steel, dyeing of cloth and leather. He authored the following important books:
1. Kitab al Rahmah
2. Kitab al Tajmi
3. Book of Seventy
4. Composition of Alchem
3. Abu Ishaq kindi
Al-Kindi was born in Basrah in the beginning of the 9th century A.D. He was a great physicist, known asAl-Kindus in the West. He wrote treatise on geometrical and physiological optics endeavoured to ascertain the laws that govern the fall of bodies. No less than 265 works are ascribed to him of which at least fifteen are on meteorology, eight on music and several on specific , tides, optics, and on the reflection of light. His important treatises are:

1. De Aspectibus
2. De Medicinarum Compsitarum Gradibus

4. Zakariya al-Razi

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi (A.D865-925) was a Persians Muslim and a great physician by profession. He is better known as Rhazes in the West. His other fields of interest were physics and chemistry. He was the most brilliant pillar of Islamic medicine along with Ibn Sina. He also contributed in the fields of music,philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and ethics. Earned the title of the Father Paediatrics by writing his monograph on “Diseases in children”. He believed in five eternal principles in metaphysics namely Creator, Soul, Matter, Time and Space. He was also an excellent teacher of medicine. He made an attempt to classify chemical substances. He was the first scientist to classify substances into vegetables, animals and minerals. His famous books are:
1. Arabian Medicine
2. Al Hawi
3. Kitab Al Mansuri
4. Al Judari Wal Hasbah
5. Kitab Al Asrar
6. Barr-ul-Saat
7. Kitab Al-Asrar
8. Fi Jamal il Musugi

5. Abu Ali Sina

Abu Ali Hussain Ibn Abdullah Ibn Hasan Ibn Ali Ibn Sina was born in A.D. 980 at Afshinah near Bukhara(Turkistan). He is considered as the greatest intellectual giant of the Middle Ages. He contributed to medical science, philosophy, logic, mathematics, astronomy and music. He was an unforgettable physician of all times. He
Is better known a Avicenna in the West. His most famous book Al Qannun fil Tib’, known as Canon in Latin, was translated in many languages and it remained the sole textbook of medicine for several hundred years in Western Universities. He was unparalleled versatile genius.It is said that he wrote no less than 230 books and treaties. He fell victim to a disease in which he was a specialist and breathed his last at the age of 57 in A.D. 1037,The Canon of a Avicenna, consisting of approximately a million words, is the most influential text-book ever written. For six centuries it dominated the medical schools of Asia and Europe. He was the first to use catheters made of the skins of various animals,and he mentioned intravesical injections by means of a silver syringe.His famous books are:
1. Ash-Shfa
2. An-Najat
3. Nafia
4. Isharrat

6. Al-Biruni

Abu Rayhan Muhammad Al-Biruni was born near the town of Khawarizm in A.D. 973. He was Simultaneously a physician, astronomer, mathematician, physicist, geographer and historian. He was a born writer and he never had a pen out of his hand. He learnt Sanskarit language in order to investigate Indian knowledge. He explained the problems of advanced trigonometry. It was he who discovered that light travels faster than sound. He accurately determined the weight of 18 stones in physics. He gave an understanding to the terms of longitudes and latitudes. He died at the age of 75 years in A.D. 1048. He was the author of the following
Famous books.
1. Tahqiq Al-Hind
2. Qamun Al-Masudi
3. Asrar Al-Baqiya
4. Kitab Al-Saidana
5. Kitab Al-Jawahar
6. Al-Tafhim
7. Ibn Al-Haitham
Bu Ali Al Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham, better known As Alhaz an in the West, was born at Basrah in A.D. 975.He was an outstanding mathematician, physiologists and Optician. He is more known for his optical works which were translated into Latin. He explained the refraction Of light rays through transparent objects, discovered Magnifying lenses, and the function of retina as the seat Of vision. He identified gravity as a force, a theory which Was later on developed by Newton. He died in Cairo in A.D. 1039. He observed the semi-lunar shape of the Image of the Sun during eclipses on a wall opposite a fine Hole in the window-shutters-the first record of the Camera obscura. His famous books are:
1. Uyunul Ariba fi Tabaqaat il Atibba
2. Kitab Al Manazir
3. On Twilight Phenomena
4. Mizanul Hikma
5. Configuration of the Universe

8. Ibn Al-Baitar

Abu Muhammad Abdullah Ibn Ahmad Al-Baitar was born in Malaga (Spain) at the end of the 12th century. He was a great Spanish .Muslim botanist and pharmacist. He made a complete collection of plants and herbs extending from Spain to Syria. He discovered many new plants and extracted medical drugs from them. His work was considered an authority in plants and he gave new orientation to the classification and nomenclature of plant kingdom over which modern. Botany is based. He died in Damascus in A.D. 1248. He was the author of the following famous books Kita Al-Jami fi Adwiya AI Mufzada
1. Jami
2. Mughani

9. Ibn Rushd

Abdul Waleed Muhammad Tbn Ahmed Ibn Muhammad Ibn Rushd was born in Spain in A.D: 1126.He is better known as Averroes in the West. He contributed in philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy. Logic and Islamic Jurisprudence. He was an Authority on Fiqh. He investigated astronomy at length and discovered the sunspots. He died in A.D. 1198. His.famous books are:
1. Hidayat Al-Mujtahid Wa Nihayat Al Muqtasid
2. Kitab Fi Karkal Al Falak
3. Tahafuat Al-Tahafut
4. Kitab Fasl Al Maqal
5. Kitab Al Lashf Al Manahij

10. Al Mawardi

Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib, Abul Hasan Al Mawardi was born at Basrah in A.D. 1058. He was a learned jurisconsul and political economist. He was an expert on diverse subjects like religion, ethics, literature and politics. He died in A.D. 1123. He was author of the following famous book.
1. At-Bayan-Wat-Tabiyan
2. Al-Hawi
3. NUKAT-Wa’l-Uyum
4. Al-lqna
5. Al Ahkam-us-Sultaniyah

11. Nasir Al-Din Toosi

Nasir Al-Din Toosi was born in A.D, 1201 in Toos he contributed in the fields of astronomy, imathematics,optic geography. Medicine. Philosophy, logic, music,mineralogy and ethies. He was a versatile scholar and astrologer. He go built the Maragha observatory for Astronomical researches He was also an expert on mathematics and he earned great popularity by writing.The Ilkhanian Tables”. This work is divided into four.books namely, CHINESE, GREEK, ARABIC AND PERSIAN CHRONOLOGY MOTIONS OF THE PLANETS, EPHERMERIDE and ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. He died in Baghdad in A.D. 1274. He wrote a treatise on the Quadrilateral, “a work in which Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical”, found its first. Methodically developed and deliberate expression. His other famous books are:
1. Kitab Al Tazkira Al Nasirya
2. Kitab AI Tahsil Fil Najum
3. Kitab-i-si-Fasl
4. Qawaid Al-Handasa
5. Kitab Shakl Al Qatta
6. Kitab Al Fusul

12. Abdul Qasim AL-Zahrawi

Abul Qasinm A1-Zahrawi better known as Mamoon of the West, was born in A.D. 936 in Spain.He was a great surgeon. He invented many surgical appliances, never known before. He was a physician as well. He was an excellent dentist also and he could very successfully set an artificial tooth in place of diseased. He gave perfection to the surgical science. He died in A.D. 1013.
He was the author of the following famous book:
1. Al-Tasrif

13. Al-Battani

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Al-Battani, a
Great Arab Astronomer and Mathematician, was born around A.D. 858. He widened the scientific horizons of Astronomy beyond the Greek’s metaphysical concepts. He was an excellent observer of Lunar and Solar Eclipses. He had a great command in Trigonometry and he established the relation between the sides and angles of a spherical triangle. He explained the phenomenon of Equinoxes (the time when the Sun crosses the equator thus equalising the length of day with night). He also prepared the Islamie Lunar Calendar. He died in A.D.929. His famous book was “Kitab Al-zig.